Analyze any video with AI. Uncover insights, transcripts, and more in seconds. (Get started for free)
7 Critical Fixes for Unstable Audio Engine Issues in Mac DAW Video Production
7 Critical Fixes for Unstable Audio Engine Issues in Mac DAW Video Production - Audio Buffer Reset Fix Through Core Audio Engine Parameters
Dealing with an unstable audio engine in your Mac DAW can be frustrating, but sometimes a simple tweak within Core Audio can make a big difference. One tactic is to manipulate the audio buffer settings, specifically within the Advanced Audio Properties. This often involves toggling the Monitoring settings, which can help clear up any persistent audio buffering. Additionally, it's imperative to double-check your output devices in System Preferences. Choosing the wrong output can cause a cascade of audio problems, so making sure your intended audio destination is selected is paramount. Occasionally, resetting Core Audio entirely might be necessary. This can force the audio engine to refresh its device selection, fixing routing issues and leading to a more seamless workflow. By taking the time to adjust these underlying audio parameters, users can often achieve greater stability and audio clarity in their DAW, an absolute necessity for producing high-quality videos. However, keep in mind that the relationship between buffer size and latency is complex and a blanket solution rarely exists. Experimentation and attention to detail are crucial to finding what works best for your setup.
While we've discussed the general role of buffers in audio, understanding how Core Audio itself manages these buffers can be key to resolving certain audio hiccups. Each audio buffer essentially stores a tiny snippet of audio data, often a few milliseconds worth. The size of these buffers, measured in samples, directly influences the delay between when a sound is generated and when it's heard—what we call audio latency. Now, Core Audio, being a real-time engine, needs to constantly feed new data into these buffers. If a buffer reset is forced due to various internal conditions, it can cause noticeable interruptions in playback, which is most apparent when the audio engine is under heavy processing loads, like when you're using a complex DAW with lots of plugins.
This is where tweaking Core Audio settings becomes interesting. By changing certain parameters within the Core Audio engine, you can potentially optimize how the system manages its resources when processing audio. It seems a bit like a balancing act – finding the perfect balance between audio quality and system stability. Older Mac operating systems weren't always great at this balancing act, and in some versions of macOS, Core Audio could behave a little erratically. Some folks never figured out the 'why' behind the inconsistent audio and just assumed it was a part of using a DAW. Yet, with a little know-how, it can be fixed.
A common problem tied to buffers is called a "buffer underrun." Essentially, it happens when the audio engine needs more data for a buffer, but there isn't any readily available. The audio signal then briefly cuts out, creating an unpleasant interruption. You might find that resetting the buffer within the Core Audio settings helps resolve such problems. The interplay between the hardware buffer size of your audio interface and its chosen sample rate also leads to latency. You can fine-tune these via Core Audio to try and find that sweet spot where your audio is both responsive and stable.
It's not as simple as just understanding your DAW. Not all digital audio workstations, especially older ones, are built to fully leverage Core Audio’s potential. Some DAWs may be missing features that affect audio stability, causing instability that doesn't have to exist. Even audio fidelity can be improved by proper buffer management. Unmanaged buffers can cause strange noises or distortion. If the data is poorly managed, the sound can get a little wonky.
Core Audio handles multiple audio streams, but it's not a magic trick. If parameters aren't correctly set, you'll experience performance issues with real-time audio processing, highlighting the importance of understanding these settings in the first place. It's also worth noting that third-party plugins and effects might cause unexpected buffer issues because they may not have been designed to optimize data transfers, thus creating problems for Core Audio. Often this requires a bit of trial and error while closely watching Core Audio settings.
7 Critical Fixes for Unstable Audio Engine Issues in Mac DAW Video Production - External Audio Interface Clock Source Alignment Method
When dealing with audio interfaces in a DAW environment, the method of aligning the clock source can be a significant factor in achieving a stable audio workflow. This is particularly important if you are using an external clock source. Essentially, the clock source acts as the timing reference for the audio data, making sure everything aligns perfectly. Without proper synchronization, audio dropouts and distortions are likely to occur, leading to a frustrating and unreliable recording or mixing experience.
While some audio interfaces rely on their internal clock, others can be configured to use an external clock, typically a word clock, as the master timing reference. If using an external clock source, the DAW's settings must reflect this selection to ensure it receives and interprets the timing information correctly. Simply choosing an external clock source without making the appropriate changes in the DAW won’t help and can cause even more problems. Furthermore, paying attention to cable types and terminations, such as using 75-ohm BNC cables, can be crucial to maintaining the signal quality and preventing issues that could interfere with the accuracy of the clock signal.
This careful consideration and alignment of your clock source within your DAW workflow is one of the vital aspects of avoiding audio issues and contributes to a smooth and seamless workflow. Properly managing the clock signal can lead to a significant improvement in the overall stability and reliability of audio production, especially in complex projects where many audio signals are being processed at once.
1. The core of a stable audio chain relies on the accuracy of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) within the audio interface, which acts as the timing reference. In simpler setups, the audio interface often takes on the role of master clock, directly driving the Digital Audio Workstation (DAW).
2. However, if using external clock sources, it's crucial to ensure the interface is configured as a slave to that external source. This means the interface derives its timing information from the external clock rather than its internal oscillator.
3. When employing an external clock, the correct termination (75 ohms) for the word clock cable is paramount. Poorly terminated cables can introduce signal degradation, affecting the quality of the time signal.
4. When working with a DAW, setting the master clock to the device connected to the computer becomes important. This helps ensure all elements stay synchronized upon project launch. If this isn't done properly, it's a recipe for unexpected sample rate mismatches later.
5. DAWs like Cubase and many others need to be properly configured to accept external clock signals. It's not as simple as plugging in the clock cable; you must enable specific settings for external clock sources within your DAW to see proper synchronization.
6. External clocks solely provide a timing reference, independent of the audio data stream. They utilize BNC cables, and a fundamental understanding of this is key for those using external clock sources.
7. To avoid issues like recording or playback failures, ensure the DAW's sample rate mirrors the external clock's input. Inconsistencies in sample rate can lead to some pretty frustrating issues that are often difficult to track down.
8. The available clock sources vary depending on the specific audio interface. Not every interface has this functionality, so you must select a device with appropriate external clock capability for the setup you are building.
9. Combining internal and external clock sources can help enhance stability. This is a slightly more advanced concept for those looking for ultimate stability or when having specific synchronization needs for video and other elements.
10. While the benefits are clear, selecting the correct clock source is key, but it’s not always intuitive. Sometimes, it can be a process of trial and error when there's a lot of equipment in the signal chain. Finding the optimal solution depends on the specific configuration. There's no single 'best' answer for everyone.
7 Critical Fixes for Unstable Audio Engine Issues in Mac DAW Video Production - Mac Memory Purge Using Terminal Commands
When working with resource-intensive applications like Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) on a Mac, managing your system's RAM can be crucial for preventing audio engine hiccups. One method involves using the Terminal's `sudo purge` command. This command specifically targets inactive memory, essentially clearing out RAM that's allocated but not actively being used by applications. This freed-up memory can improve performance and stability, including addressing some audio engine inconsistencies.
Before running `sudo purge`, it's generally advisable to close all your applications, as this can ensure the command effectively clears the RAM without it quickly refilling with inactive data. However, this method isn't a magical fix. You may find that you need to use this purge command frequently, as the freed-up memory might quickly be reallocated. It's important to note that `sudo purge` isn't a universally recommended tool and is generally considered an advanced user command. Some sources caution against using it without a strong understanding of the command line, as unintended consequences could arise.
As an alternative, consider automating the application quitting process or looking into third-party utilities that can provide similar RAM management capabilities. These options may offer a more user-friendly and streamlined experience for those less familiar with Terminal commands. Ultimately, finding the RAM management approach that best suits your workflow and comfort level is essential, and these options can offer distinct benefits when battling audio engine instability in your Mac DAW productions.
Here's a revised version of the text focusing on the Mac's memory purge using Terminal commands, tailored for an audience interested in optimizing audio production within a DAW environment:
1. When using Terminal commands like `sudo purge`, we essentially simulate macOS's memory management process, forcing the system to release RAM that's not actively being used. This can give a performance boost, particularly for resource-hungry apps like Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) which need plenty of memory to function well.
2. macOS divides memory into active, inactive, and free categories. The `purge` command specifically targets inactive RAM—memory that's not currently being accessed but is still held by the operating system, often appearing as "unused" to the typical user. By freeing this up, macOS can allocate resources more effectively, which is especially useful during demanding tasks like real-time audio processing.
3. The `purge` command, while seemingly straightforward, doesn't automatically guarantee that the newly freed RAM gets allocated right away. The operating system retains control over memory allocation, meaning that other apps might still have priority, even after you've used `purge`. It's not a direct, instantaneous control mechanism.
4. Since efficiently managing memory impacts how quickly the system can access it, memory purging techniques can often help improve audio latency in a DAW. With better resource management, the audio engine has less waiting to do for data, potentially reducing glitches during recording or playback. That being said, there's no guarantee this will fix every instance of latency.
5. The effects of `sudo purge` are temporary. If you are doing long recording sessions, it might be necessary to run this command several times to keep memory in check. This is especially true when background processes or unused apps are occupying RAM. It's not a one-and-done solution for sustained memory management.
6. There are often hidden processes within macOS related to memory management, like dynamic memory compression, that make it hard to see what's truly going on. Users might not realize how much memory is being consumed because the OS handles the redistribution of memory behind the scenes. There are hidden factors in memory management that are not always transparent.
7. The `sudo purge` command debuted with macOS Lion, marking a shift toward giving users more control over their system's performance. Before this, memory management was practically entirely under macOS's control, giving users a very limited view of what was going on under the hood. There has been an evolution in the types of memory tools made available to users.
8. When macOS doesn't have enough physical RAM, it uses the hard drive to extend the system's memory, sometimes called virtual memory or swap space. This can seriously hurt performance, especially when a DAW is doing lots of processing. Using the `purge` command can be helpful in this situation by reducing the need for this disk-based virtual memory, and can therefore avoid a slowdown.
9. Different variations of `sudo purge` exist, along with other commands, which can provide even finer control over RAM management. Understanding the differences between these can unlock higher levels of optimization, which is useful when managing complex audio workflows that involve lots of plugins and processing. There's nuance in how to utilize this for maximum effect.
10. Memory purging, while useful, isn't a magical solution to all DAW performance problems. Optimizing DAWs requires a multifaceted approach, including properly setting buffer sizes, dealing with resource-heavy plugins, and managing other system components. Performance optimization isn't just about running a command, it's about a general understanding of how a system works and the potential bottlenecks in a workflow.
7 Critical Fixes for Unstable Audio Engine Issues in Mac DAW Video Production - Background Process Management Through Activity Monitor
Maintaining a stable audio environment within a Mac DAW is crucial for video production, and a vital part of that is managing the background processes that run alongside your DAW. Activity Monitor provides a window into your Mac's inner workings, allowing you to observe how different applications and system processes utilize CPU and memory. This visibility is especially helpful when troubleshooting audio engine instability, as it enables you to pinpoint any processes that might be consuming excessive resources.
For instance, the Coreaudiod process, which is essential for audio operations, sometimes becomes a resource hog, leading to audio glitches. Activity Monitor lets you see this and other processes. By sorting through active processes, you can make educated decisions about which processes to terminate. Killing unnecessary or problematic background tasks can significantly improve the audio experience, freeing up crucial system resources for the DAW to work optimally. This process of evaluating and managing background tasks is a valuable technique alongside other methods for fixing audio hiccups, allowing for a more efficient and productive workflow for video production. It's all about optimizing the system to ensure that the audio engine has the necessary resources to perform smoothly, eliminating interruptions and maintaining the flow of your creative process.
### Background Process Management Through Activity Monitor: A Deeper Look
Activity Monitor offers a window into the often-hidden world of background processes running on your Mac. It's more than just a tool to see what's running; it's a way to understand how those processes might be impacting performance, especially for demanding applications like digital audio workstations (DAWs) used in video production.
One of the more interesting aspects of Activity Monitor is its ability to reveal resource spikes that might not be immediately apparent. You might see jumps in CPU usage during a workflow, but it's not always a complex DAW plugin causing the problem. It can be background services or other applications that unexpectedly consume significant resources. This can be especially troublesome when you’re trying to record or mix audio, as it can lead to noticeable glitches or instability in your audio engine.
Activity Monitor doesn't just show apps you're actively using. It also exposes hidden processes that are running in the background without you even realizing. Some of these processes can quietly grab a significant portion of your CPU and memory, contributing to lag or a stutter in your audio playback. It’s like an unseen drain on your system resources.
Surprisingly, even if a process seems idle, it might still be holding onto system resources. A process may be waiting for something, but its grip on memory can have a tangible impact on performance, especially if you're trying to optimize real-time audio performance. It's a reminder that understanding and managing what's in the background is vital.
macOS itself runs background processes that play a critical role in the overall health of the system. Things like indexing and software updates happen behind the scenes. The issue is that these types of background tasks can sometimes wreak havoc on DAW performance, especially during critical recording or mixing sessions where responsiveness is crucial.
When you dig into Activity Monitor, you'll also see information about memory compression. macOS will attempt to optimize available RAM by compressing data that's not currently in use. While a great feature, an over-reliance on memory compression could be a sign that your system doesn't have enough physical memory. It becomes a signal to pay attention because excessive compression can translate to audio glitches as your DAW requests data quickly and efficiently.
In some situations, macOS might need to rely on disk storage for memory, a concept referred to as 'swap' or virtual memory. It's the operating system's way of expanding memory beyond the physical RAM installed in your Mac. This swap memory, however, can drastically slow down your system and cause noticeable latency in your audio engine. It essentially creates a bottleneck.
The OS also assigns different levels of priority to processes. Activity Monitor gives you a glimpse of this, and you can, in theory, nudge your DAW towards higher priority. This becomes important when you're using a resource-hungry DAW because it allows you to manage the relative importance of the tasks running on your system. Under heavy load, it’s nice to see if you can guide the operating system into giving the audio engine the upper hand.
It's worth noting that Activity Monitor shows disk I/O activity. This means you can see the level of disk read and write operations happening at any given time. Having excessive disk activity from background apps can really hurt the performance of your DAW. This is a valuable insight as it allows you to determine which applications could be hindering the flow of audio data.
Activity Monitor provides a crucial way to manage unresponsive processes by forcibly quitting them. Sometimes, you'll find processes that are consuming resources and aren't responding. Being able to terminate these immediately can lead to immediate improvements in responsiveness.
Lastly, the impact of networking can affect performance, even if you're not actively doing anything network-intensive. If your DAW connects to the internet or relies on cloud services, Activity Monitor allows you to monitor that network activity. It's a tool for figuring out if another application is impacting bandwidth, possibly disrupting the streaming of audio or audio processing.
By having a clear understanding of background processes through the tools provided in Activity Monitor, you can gain a more stable workflow in your audio production. This awareness and capability to intervene can improve the overall efficiency and stability of your DAW and lead to a smoother audio production experience.
7 Critical Fixes for Unstable Audio Engine Issues in Mac DAW Video Production - Sample Rate Mismatch Detection Protocol
When working with audio in a Mac DAW, especially in video production, maintaining a consistent sample rate across all connected audio devices is critical. If devices aren't all using the same sample rate, you can run into frustrating problems like audio drifting and distortion. This can completely disrupt your workflow.
Generally, the recommended sample rate for most audio and video applications is 48,000 Hz. Ensuring that everything, from your audio interface to any external devices or plugins, is using the same sample rate helps keep things running smoothly. Tools like Audio MIDI Setup on the Mac give users control over the sample rates for audio devices.
It's not uncommon for issues to arise with USB audio devices due to sample rate mismatches. Sometimes, rebooting the Mac or trying a different USB port can resolve the problem.
In essence, it's all about ensuring that every part of your audio chain uses the same sample rate. This helps prevent confusing problems. As your audio setup becomes more complex, keeping track of the sample rates of all your devices becomes a key element in a successful and reliable production workflow. Without proper sample rate management, you're asking for trouble.
1. When audio devices don't agree on the sample rate, you get a sample rate mismatch. This can manifest as audio distortion or artifacts, potentially ruining the intended quality of sound. This is particularly important if you're focused on making recordings sound professional.
2. One consequence of mismatched sample rates is clock drift. It's a gradual shift in timing that can cause audio tracks to lose synchronization over time. It's not immediately obvious and can be easily missed until your project's audio quality starts to degrade significantly.
3. The mismatch can cause unexpected variations in audio latency, making it harder to record and monitor accurately. If you're a musician, you might notice that your playing seems out of sync because the audio feedback is either delayed or cuts off prematurely. It can be confusing and affect your creative workflow.
4. The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem is a fundamental principle in audio. It dictates the minimum sample rate needed to capture a specific frequency range. When a mismatch occurs, the theorem's conditions may be violated, potentially leading to a loss of some frequencies or inaccuracies in how the waveforms are represented. You may lose critical elements of a sound due to a basic oversight.
5. Many digital audio workstations (DAWs) try to automatically adjust sample rates. Unfortunately, the automatic adjustments are not always the best, and often lead to issues unless you go in and adjust them yourself. There's a reliance on users doing manual configuration, which a lot of people just ignore.
6. Things get especially interesting when you're using multiple audio interfaces. If they don't all agree on the sample rate, the devices can have trouble communicating with each other, potentially causing audio dropouts or other unexpected behavior. It's like a digital language barrier between your audio hardware.
7. The sample rate mismatch can put a strain on your computer's CPU because the audio engine is trying to resolve the difference in rates. This can slow down the entire system and be a problem when dealing with complex projects that need significant processing during the mixing phase. You might notice an unusual increase in your computer's fan speeds when this happens.
8. Certain audio plugins react differently based on the DAW's sample rate. A mismatch might lead to these plugins functioning in unintended ways or creating sounds that weren't intended. It's another aspect of a system behaving inconsistently due to a sample rate mismatch.
9. One area where we might see problems is in our preventative maintenance workflow. Regularly checking and calibrating audio equipment to ensure they have the same sample rate can prevent many of these issues. It's an often-overlooked area of troubleshooting audio workflows.
10. If you're connecting external equipment like synthesizers or mixing desks, you'll want to make sure all of them are set to the same sample rate. This is crucial for avoiding synchronization issues, which are very difficult to fix if they occur during a workflow. In some scenarios, you might end up in a frustrating troubleshooting loop with your audio.
7 Critical Fixes for Unstable Audio Engine Issues in Mac DAW Video Production - Logic Pro Bounce Engine Command Line Repair
Logic Pro's Bounce Engine can sometimes experience issues, leading to instability during the audio export process. The "Logic Pro Bounce Engine Command Line Repair" technique focuses on addressing these problems, particularly those related to bouncing audio files. Users have discovered that a simple audio engine reset can often fix bouncing problems that emerge after updates to Logic Pro or when certain plugins aren't compatible. The command line interface offers a more direct approach to troubleshooting the Bounce Engine. Often this comes down to legacy plugin conflicts or settings within Logic Pro that have drifted over time.
It's important to also consider how output settings and monitoring configurations within Logic Pro can contribute to a smoother bouncing process. Users should carefully manage their DAW's audio environment to achieve optimal performance. While this approach isn't a universal solution, it can be one of several critical steps toward maintaining stability when dealing with audio engines in Mac-based video production. A smooth audio workflow is a requirement, especially if you're relying on a video project being delivered on-time.
Logic Pro's Bounce Engine, while generally robust, can encounter unexpected hiccups that lead to audio quality degradation or even silent failures during export. It's a surprising element that even seasoned users might stumble upon without a solid understanding of the process. Interestingly, leveraging the command line for repair tasks can offer a greater level of control and insight into the Bounce Engine's workings.
One fascinating aspect is that system file permissions can surprisingly impact the Bounce Engine's stability. Fixing permissions via the command line can often resolve seemingly unrelated issues, highlighting the interconnectedness of macOS's underlying structure. Moreover, cached data from prior sessions can create bottlenecks and impact the Bounce Engine's performance. Using command-line tools to clear these caches often revitalizes Logic Pro's processing capability, forcing it to refresh its data flow.
Logic Pro's Bounce Engine dynamically adjusts its processing based on system demands. However, this dynamic resource allocation can sometimes lead to conflicts if competing processes utilize too many system resources. This might cause unpredictable freezes or slowdowns during the bounce process. This dynamic behavior can also limit batch processing tasks, as specific system configurations can impose limitations that are not immediately obvious. Trying to do too much at once can easily result in unexpected crashes or delays.
Compatibility can also be a factor. Logic Pro's Bounce Engine might not always seamlessly interact with certain external audio formats or third-party plugins. Command-line tools help identify and remove such troublesome elements, potentially resolving audio artifacts. Interestingly, the hardware used—particularly the audio interface's quality—directly impacts the stability of the Bounce Engine. While the command line can offer some solutions, severe issues might arise if you are using less robust audio hardware. This reinforces the significance of paying attention to your hardware configuration.
Similar to other elements of audio processing, a mismatch between project settings and output audio's sample rate can cause problems. Command-line diagnostics quickly identify and fix those errors, leading to better audio synchronization. Finally, beyond repairs, the command line functions as a diagnostics tool, allowing the generation of detailed reports regarding audio processing errors. This allows for a deeper understanding of the underlying causes of common Bounce Engine issues, leading to a more proactive, rather than reactive, approach to troubleshooting.
This intricate relationship between the Bounce Engine and system-level interactions underlines the complexity of audio production in a DAW environment. While seemingly straightforward, these aspects can lead to surprising performance degradation if ignored. Fortunately, by embracing the power of the command line for diagnostics and repairs, we can potentially uncover and resolve those hidden problems for a more stable and productive workflow.
7 Critical Fixes for Unstable Audio Engine Issues in Mac DAW Video Production - CPU Thread Assignment Through Audio Unit Host
Within the intricate world of Mac DAWs used for video production, the way the Audio Unit host manages CPU threads is increasingly important for audio stability. When done correctly, assigning specific CPU threads to different audio tasks allows the system to process multiple operations concurrently without sacrificing real-time audio performance. The issue is that some plugins don't always accurately communicate how much processing power they need. This results in the system potentially assigning too many threads or inappropriately distributing them. This can lead to situations where CPU usage spikes unnecessarily, causing audio glitches or other unwanted behavior. If you want a smoother audio experience, it's important to gain a basic understanding of how macOS distributes processing work. You can often solve problems by minimizing background activity or by controlling how your plugins are loaded. When using a DAW that pushes your CPU hard, CPU thread management becomes more crucial because you're trying to get the most out of the available processing power. A solid grasp of how to manage threads within the Audio Unit environment is essential for keeping the audio engine running smoothly, especially during intense video projects.
The way a Mac DAW's audio unit host manages CPU threads can have a surprisingly large effect on how well the audio plays back. The host has to carefully distribute tasks across multiple threads to keep audio playing without interruptions, which can be tricky. It's not as simple as just having more threads; it needs to be done smartly.
Binding threads to specific CPU cores (thread affinity) can help. It cuts down on the amount of time the computer spends switching between different tasks, which is really important for real-time audio. Multi-core computers, while seemingly a big advantage, only really provide the expected benefit if threads are managed correctly.
The various plugins used in audio production don't all behave the same way in terms of thread management. Some plugins are designed for multi-threading and handle things very well. Others, however, rely on just a single thread. The host has to be aware of these plugin differences and distribute tasks accordingly to avoid problems.
A higher sample rate requires the audio engine to process more data. As the volume of work increases, the importance of efficient thread management grows to keep up with the load and prevent issues like increased latency or slowdowns.
DAWs these days have gotten smarter about how they manage threads. Many will automatically adjust how many threads are actively working depending on what the CPU is doing and what tasks are being run. That's really helpful to maintain audio stability during demanding work.
The host often gives certain audio threads a higher priority, making sure they always get the resources they need to keep audio flowing smoothly. This becomes essential during crucial parts of a recording session, where disruptions can cause big problems.
It’s important to understand that cores and threads are not the same thing. A dual-core processor might be able to manage four threads efficiently, but that only translates to real gains in performance if the audio engine is smart about how it distributes the work.
Not all audio units were created equal, and some don’t support multi-threading as well as others. That can cause major bottlenecks in performance if the host isn’t smart about this. It’s a key compatibility issue.
To try and speed things up, audio unit hosts sometimes group threads that handle similar tasks together. This technique helps reduce the overhead and makes things much more efficient.
The challenge for the audio engine is to distribute the processing load evenly across the CPU threads. If it doesn’t do a good job of this, some threads will be overloaded while others sit idle. It results in audio quality degradation.
It's clear that how threads are handled in the audio unit host is a major part of achieving high-quality audio and a stable workflow. It highlights a fascinating aspect of computer audio and is something that, surprisingly, can be easily overlooked.
Analyze any video with AI. Uncover insights, transcripts, and more in seconds. (Get started for free)
More Posts from whatsinmy.video: